Class 6th to 8th Complete Study Guide – NFTRaja

📚 CLASS 6-8 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 🎯

Foundation Years | Middle School Success | Build Strong Basics

Classes 6, 7, and 8 are crucial foundation years. Strong basics in these classes make high school and competitive exams much easier. This guide covers all subjects - Mathematics, Science, Social Science, English, and Hindi with important concepts, formulas, tips, and study strategies to excel in middle school. “This guide is created to help students and parents understand the middle-school curriculum in a simple, structured way. Content is written in easy language and aligned with school syllabi to support conceptual clarity rather than rote memorization.”

🔢 MATHEMATICS - Classes 6, 7, 8

Build strong mathematical foundation with clear concepts, formulas, and practice techniques

📊 Class 6 Mathematics

1. Number System

Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (counting numbers)

Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (natural + zero)

Integers: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

Even numbers: Divisible by 2 (2, 4, 6, 8...)
Odd numbers: Not divisible by 2 (1, 3, 5, 7...)
Prime numbers: Only 2 factors - 1 and itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11...)
Composite numbers: More than 2 factors (4, 6, 8, 9...)

2. Playing with Numbers

Divisibility Rules:
By 2: Last digit 0,2,4,6,8
By 3: Sum of digits divisible by 3
By 5: Last digit 0 or 5
By 10: Last digit 0

HCF: Highest Common Factor (largest number dividing both)

LCM: Lowest Common Multiple (smallest number divisible by both)

3. Basic Geometrical Ideas

Point: Exact location (no size)
Line: Extends infinitely both directions
Ray: Starts at point, extends one direction
Line Segment: Fixed length between two points
Angle: Space between two rays meeting at point

4. Fractions

Types:
Proper: Numerator < Denominator (3/4)
Improper: Numerator ≥ Denominator (5/3)
Mixed: Whole number + fraction (2 1/3)

💡 Study Tip:

Practice divisibility rules daily. They save time in HCF/LCM problems. Make flashcards for prime numbers up to 100.

📈 Class 7 Mathematics

1. Integers

Rules for Operations:
(+) + (+) = + (Add)
(-) + (-) = - (Add)
(+) + (-) = Sign of larger number
(+) × (+) = +
(-) × (-) = +
(+) × (-) = -

2. Fractions and Decimals

Convert fraction to decimal: Divide numerator by denominator
Convert decimal to fraction: Count decimal places
Terminating decimal: Ends (0.25, 0.5)
Non-terminating: Never ends (0.333...)

3. Simple Equations

Solving ax + b = c:
1. Move constant to RHS: ax = c - b
2. Divide by coefficient: x = (c-b)/a

Example: 3x + 5 = 20 → 3x = 15 → x = 5

4. Comparing Quantities

Percentage: Part per hundred (%)
Fraction to %: (Fraction × 100)%
% to Fraction: %/100

Profit & Loss:
Profit = SP - CP
Loss = CP - SP
Profit% = (Profit/CP) × 100
Loss% = (Loss/CP) × 100

5. Perimeter and Area

Square: P=4a, A=a²
Rectangle: P=2(l+b), A=l×b
Triangle: P=a+b+c, A=½×b×h
Circle: P=2πr, A=πr²

⚠️ Common Mistake:

Don't confuse perimeter with area! Perimeter is boundary length (cm), Area is surface space (cm²). Units are different!

🎯 Class 8 Mathematics

1. Rational Numbers

Definition: Numbers in form p/q where q ≠ 0

All integers are rational (5 = 5/1)
All fractions are rational
All terminating decimals are rational
Between any two rationals, infinite rationals exist

2. Exponents and Powers

Laws of Exponents:
aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ
aᵐ ÷ aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ
(aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ
a⁰ = 1 (a ≠ 0)
a⁻ᵐ = 1/aᵐ

3. Algebraic Expressions

Identities (Must Memorize):
(a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(a-b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
a² - b² = (a+b)(a-b)
(a+b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³
(a-b)³ = a³ - 3a²b + 3ab² - b³

4. Linear Equations in One Variable

Steps to Solve:

Remove brackets using distributive property
Collect variable terms on LHS, constants on RHS
Simplify both sides
Divide by coefficient of variable
Verify by substituting answer in original equation

5. Mensuration

Cuboid:
Volume = l × b × h
Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl)

Cube:
Volume = a³
Surface Area = 6a²

Cylinder:
Volume = πr²h
Curved Surface Area = 2πrh
Total Surface Area = 2πr(r+h)

💡 Pro Tip:

Make a formula sheet for all mensuration formulas. Draw diagrams next to each formula. Visual memory helps during exams!

🎲 Important Math Topics (All Classes)

Data Handling

Mean: Average = Sum of observations / Number of observations
Median: Middle value when arranged in order
Mode: Most frequently occurring value
Range: Highest value - Lowest value

Practical Geometry

Construction Tools: Ruler, compass, protractor, set squares

Perpendicular bisector of line segment
Angle bisector
Constructing angles (60°, 90°, 120°)
Constructing triangles (SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS)

Study Strategy for Math

Practice 10-15 problems daily from each chapter
Don't just read solutions - solve yourself first
Memorize all formulas and identities
Make separate notebook for formulas
Revise previous chapters every week
Attempt all NCERT exercises completely

⚠️ Exam Tip:

Always write formula before solving. Show all steps clearly. Don't skip steps to save time - step marking gives partial marks even if final answer is wrong!

🔬 SCIENCE - Classes 6, 7, 8

Understand natural phenomena, laws of nature, and scientific principles with examples

🌱 Class 6 Science

1. Food: Where Does It Come From?

Plants: Source of food (fruits, vegetables, grains)
Animals: Source of food (milk, eggs, meat)
Herbivores: Eat only plants (cow, deer)
Carnivores: Eat only animals (lion, tiger)
Omnivores: Eat both (humans, bear)

2. Components of Food

Nutrients (6 types):

Carbohydrates: Energy source (rice, wheat)
Proteins: Body building (dal, eggs, meat)
Fats: Energy storage (butter, oil)
Vitamins: Fight diseases (fruits, vegetables)
Minerals: Bones, blood (iron, calcium)
Water: Essential for all body functions

3. Fibre to Fabric

Natural Fibres: Cotton (plant), Wool & Silk (animal)

Process: Fibre → Yarn → Fabric → Clothes

4. Sorting Materials into Groups

Transparent: Can see through (glass, water)
Opaque: Cannot see through (wood, metal)
Translucent: Partially see through (oiled paper)
Soluble: Dissolves in water (salt, sugar)
Insoluble: Does not dissolve (sand, chalk)

5. Living and Non-living

Characteristics of Living Things:

Movement
Growth
Respiration
Nutrition
Reproduction
Excretion
Response to stimuli

💡 Memory Trick:

Remember "MR GREEN" for living characteristics: Movement, Respiration, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Energy, Nutrition

Class 7 Science

1. Nutrition in Plants

Photosynthesis:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
(In presence of sunlight & chlorophyll)

Chlorophyll: Green pigment in leaves, traps sunlight

Stomata: Tiny pores in leaves, exchange of gases

2. Nutrition in Animals

7 Steps of Nutrition:

Ingestion: Taking in food
Digestion: Breaking down complex food
Absorption: Taking nutrients into blood
Assimilation: Using nutrients for body
Egestion: Removing undigested food

3. Heat and Temperature

Heat: Form of energy, flows from hot to cold
Temperature: Measure of hotness/coldness
Units: Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (K)
Conductors: Allow heat to pass (metals)
Insulators: Do not allow heat (wood, plastic)

4. Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids: Sour taste, turn blue litmus red (lemon, vinegar)
Bases: Bitter taste, turn red litmus blue (soap, baking soda)
Indicators: Show if substance is acid/base (litmus, turmeric)
Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water

5. Weather, Climate and Adaptations

Weather: Day-to-day atmospheric conditions

Climate: Average weather over long period

Adaptations: Features helping organisms survive in habitat

⚠️ Safety Note:

Never taste acids or bases in lab! Use litmus paper for testing. Always wear safety goggles during experiments.

🧪 Class 8 Science

1. Crop Production and Management

Agricultural Practices:

Preparation of soil (ploughing, levelling)
Sowing (selecting seeds, spacing)
Adding manure and fertilizers
Irrigation (watering crops)
Protection from weeds
Harvesting (cutting crops)
Storage (preventing damage)

2. Microorganisms

Types: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae

Useful: Making curd, bread, antibiotics, nitrogen fixation

Harmful: Cause diseases (cholera, typhoid, malaria)

Preservation: Salt, sugar, oil, heat, refrigeration prevent microbial growth

3. Force and Pressure

Pressure = Force / Area
Unit: Pascal (Pa) or N/m²

Force can change speed, direction, shape
Contact force: Objects must touch (friction, muscular)
Non-contact: No touch needed (gravity, magnetic)
Friction: Opposes motion, produces heat

4. Chemical Effects of Electric Current

Conductors: Allow current (metals, salt solution)
Insulators: Do not allow current (plastic, wood)
LED: Light Emitting Diode (safer than bulb)
Electroplating: Coating one metal over another using electricity

5. Pollution of Air and Water

Air Pollutants: Smoke, dust, CO₂, SO₂, NO₂

Effects: Respiratory diseases, global warming, acid rain

Water Pollutants: Sewage, chemicals, plastic, oil

Prevention: Reduce, reuse, recycle, plant trees, proper waste disposal

💡 Exam Focus:

Diagrams carry 2-3 marks in Class 8. Practice drawing: digestive system, eye, ear, cell structure, water cycle, electric circuit.

Important Science Concepts

Scientific Method

Observation: Notice something
Question: What, why, how?
Hypothesis: Educated guess
Experiment: Test the hypothesis
Analysis: Study results
Conclusion: Accept or reject hypothesis

Lab Safety Rules

Always wear safety goggles and apron
Never taste chemicals or lab materials
Handle glassware carefully
Report spills or accidents immediately
Wash hands after experiments
Follow teacher instructions strictly

Study Tips for Science

Read chapter from NCERT thoroughly
Underline important terms and definitions
Make notes in your own words
Practice all diagrams 5 times each
Solve all NCERT questions and exercises
Watch educational videos for difficult topics
Do all practical experiments in lab
Revise 2 chapters every weekend

⚠️ Common Mistakes:

Don't cram definitions! Understand concepts first. Don't skip diagrams in exam - they're easy marks. Label all diagram parts clearly.

🌏 SOCIAL SCIENCE - Classes 6, 7, 8

Learn history, geography, civics, and develop understanding of society and world

📜 History

Class 6: Ancient India

Stone Age: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
Harappan Civilization: 2500 BCE, planned cities, script undeciphered
Vedic Period: Rigveda oldest, 4 Vedas, caste system started
Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta, Ashoka (Buddhism spread)
Gupta Period: Golden Age, art, literature, science flourished

Class 7: Medieval India

Delhi Sultanate: Slave dynasty to Lodis (1206-1526)
Mughal Empire: Babur (founder), Akbar (greatest), Shah Jahan (Taj Mahal)
Regional Kingdoms: Vijayanagara, Rajputs, Marathas
Bhakti Movement: Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai

Class 8: Modern India

British Rule: East India Company (1600s), 1857 Revolt
Freedom Struggle: Gandhi, Non-cooperation, Quit India
Independence: 15 August 1947
Important Leaders: Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, Bose, Bhagat Singh

💡 Memory Trick:

For dates: Make timeline chart. For names: Connect with one achievement. Example: Akbar = Religious tolerance, Din-i-Ilahi

🗺️ Geography

Class 6: Earth Basics

Globe: Model of Earth, has latitudes & longitudes
Latitudes: Parallel circles, Equator = 0°
Longitudes: Vertical lines, Prime Meridian = 0°
Major Domains: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere

Class 7: Environment

Natural: Land, water, air, plants, animals
Human-made: Buildings, roads, bridges
Resources: Renewable (water, forests) & Non-renewable (coal, oil)
Continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia
Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern

Class 8: India Geography

Location: Northern hemisphere, Asia continent
Neighbors: Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar
Physical Features: Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, Islands
Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna
Climate: Tropical monsoon, 4 seasons

⚠️ Map Work:

Practice maps regularly! Map questions carry 5 marks. Use pencil for pointing, label neatly. Memorize locations of major rivers, mountains, cities.

⚖️ Civics (Political Science)

Class 6: Understanding Diversity

Diversity: Different religions, languages, cultures in India
Unity in Diversity: Indians united despite differences
Discrimination: Treating people unfairly (wrong!)
Equality: All humans are equal, deserve respect

Class 7: State Government

MLA: Member of Legislative Assembly (elected by people)
Chief Minister: Head of state government
Governor: Appointed by President
Functions: Health, education, police, agriculture

Class 8: Indian Constitution

Adopted: 26 January 1950 (Republic Day)
Written by: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairperson)
Features: Longest written constitution, federal, secular, democratic
Fundamental Rights: Right to Equality, Freedom, Against Exploitation, Religion, Culture, Education
Fundamental Duties: Respect flag, protect environment, promote harmony

💡 Current Affairs:

Read newspaper headlines daily. Connect civics chapters with real news. Helps in exams and competitive exams later!

📚 Social Science Study Strategy

For History

Make timeline chart on wall (visual memory)
Connect events with cause and effect
Remember key dates (5-6 per chapter enough)
Read stories about kings and leaders
Watch historical documentaries

For Geography

Practice maps daily (5 minutes)
Use colored pencils for different features
Remember location tricks (example: India looks like triangle)
Make notes with diagrams
Learn spellings of place names carefully

For Civics

Relate chapters with daily life
Understand concepts, don't just memorize
Know important articles of constitution
Practice writing in points (exam style)
Give real-life examples in answers

Exam Preparation

NCERT is sufficient - read thoroughly
Make short notes for quick revision
Practice previous year question papers
Map work: Practice 10 minutes daily
Answer in points with proper headings
Time management: 10 mins per 3-mark question

⚠️ Common Errors:

Don't mix up dates! Don't write history answers in story format - use points. Geography spellings must be correct. Civics needs examples, not just theory.

📖 ENGLISH & HINDI - Language Skills

Develop reading, writing, grammar, and communication skills in both languages

🔤 English Language

Grammar Topics (Classes 6-8)

Nouns: Person, place, thing, idea (Proper, Common, Collective, Abstract)
Pronouns: Replace nouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
Verbs: Action words (run, eat, sleep) + Helping verbs (is, am, are, was, were)
Adjectives: Describe nouns (beautiful, tall, red)
Adverbs: Describe verbs (quickly, slowly, carefully)
Tenses: Present, Past, Future (Simple, Continuous, Perfect)

Writing Skills

Letter Writing:

Formal: Principal, editor, complaint (format important!)
Informal: Friend, family (more casual tone)

Essay Writing:

Introduction (what topic is about)
Body (main points, 2-3 paragraphs)
Conclusion (summary)

Story Writing:

Interesting beginning
Characters and setting
Problem/conflict
Solution
Moral (if applicable)

💡 Vocabulary Building:

Learn 5 new words daily. Write them in sentence. Read English storybooks. Watch English movies with subtitles. Practice speaking daily.

🔠 Hindi भाषा

व्याकरण विषय (कक्षा 6-8)

संज्ञा: व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु का नाम (व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक)
सर्वनाम: संज्ञा के स्थान पर (मैं, तुम, वह, हम, वे)
क्रिया: काम करने वाले शब्द (खाना, पीना, दौड़ना)
विशेषण: संज्ञा की विशेषता बताए (सुंदर, लंबा, लाल)
क्रिया विशेषण: क्रिया की विशेषता (धीरे, तेज, अच्छे से)
काल: भूतकाल, वर्तमानकाल, भविष्यकाल

लेखन कौशल

पत्र लेखन:

औपचारिक: प्रधानाचार्य, संपादक को
अनौपचारिक: मित्र, परिवार को

निबंध लेखन:

प्रस्तावना (विषय परिचय)
विषय विस्तार (मुख्य बिंदु)
उपसंहार (निष्कर्ष)

अन्य लेखन:

अनुच्छेद लेखन
संवाद लेखन
चित्र वर्णन
कहानी लेखन

💡 हिंदी सुधार:

रोज हिंदी अखबार पढ़ें। कहानी की किताबें पढ़ें। नए शब्द याद करें। सुलेख (handwriting) सुधारें। व्याकरण के नियम समझें।

🎯 STUDY TIPS & EXAM STRATEGY

Proven methods to score 90%+ in middle school exams

📅 Daily Study Routine

Morning (Before School)

Quick revision: 20 mins (previous day's topics)
Read newspaper headlines: 10 mins

After School

Rest & refresh: 1 hour
Complete homework: 1 hour
Self-study session 1: 1.5 hours (difficult subjects)
Break: 30 mins (play, snacks)
Self-study session 2: 1.5 hours (theory subjects)
Practice/revision: 30 mins

Night (Before Sleep)

Light reading: 20 mins (English/Hindi stories)
Plan next day: 5 mins

💡 Weekend Schedule:

Saturday: Revise full week's work, complete pending tasks. Sunday: Practice tests, solve extra questions, pursue hobbies. Balance is important!

✍️ Note-Making Tips

Effective Notes Should Have:

Chapter name and date at top
Headings and subheadings clearly marked
Important terms underlined or highlighted
Formulas in separate box
Diagrams with proper labels
Examples for difficult concepts
Your own understanding in simple words

Color Coding System:

Blue: Main headings
Black: Regular content
Red: Important formulas/dates
Green: Examples
Pencil: Diagrams and underlining

Types of Notes:

Class notes: During teacher explanation
Reading notes: From textbook at home
Formula sheets: All formulas one place
Revision notes: Short points for quick review

⚠️ Don't:

Copy entire textbook in notes! Write only key points. Use your own words. Notes should be shorter than textbook but cover all important points.

🎯 Exam Preparation (Last Month)

Week 1: Completion

Finish all chapters and topics
Complete all NCERT exercises
Make comprehensive notes
Identify weak areas

Week 2: Practice

Solve additional questions
Practice diagrams and maps
Memorize formulas completely
Work on weak topics extra

Week 3: Revision

Quick revision of all chapters
Solve previous year papers
Time yourself while solving
Review mistakes carefully

Week 4: Final Touch

Revise formula sheets daily
Practice important questions
Stay calm and confident
Proper sleep and healthy food

💡 Exam Day:

Reach 15 mins early. Carry all stationery. Read question paper fully first. Start with easy questions. Manage time properly. Check answers before submitting.

🏆 Scoring Techniques

Mathematics:

Write formula before solving
Show all steps clearly
Verify answer by substituting back
Practice 10 problems daily
Neat presentation = extra marks

Science:

Learn definitions word-to-word
Practice diagrams 5 times each
Label all diagram parts
Use scientific terms (not common words)
Write in points for easy reading

Social Science:

Answer in points with headings
Remember 5-6 important dates per chapter
Map work: Practice daily
Give examples in answers
Handwriting should be neat

Languages (English/Hindi):

Grammar: Learn all rules
Writing: Follow proper format
Use good vocabulary
Check spelling and grammar
Read question twice before answering

⚠️ Avoid These:

Overwriting, cutting words, dirty paper, incomplete answers, leaving questions, wrong question numbers, not managing time properly.