Class 6 to 8th Complete Study Guide

Class 6th to 8th Complete Study Guide – NFTRaja

📚 CLASS 6-8 COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 🎯

Foundation Years | Middle School Success | Build Strong Basics

Classes 6, 7, and 8 are crucial foundation years. Strong basics in these classes make high school and competitive exams much easier. This guide covers all subjects - Mathematics, Science, Social Science, English, and Hindi with important concepts, formulas, tips, and study strategies to excel in middle school. “This guide is created to help students and parents understand the middle-school curriculum in a simple, structured way. Content is written in easy language and aligned with school syllabi to support conceptual clarity rather than rote memorization.”

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🔢 MATHEMATICS - Classes 6, 7, 8

Build strong mathematical foundation with clear concepts, formulas, and practice techniques

📊 Class 6 Mathematics

1. Number System

Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (counting numbers)

Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (natural + zero)

Integers: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

  • Even numbers: Divisible by 2 (2, 4, 6, 8...)
  • Odd numbers: Not divisible by 2 (1, 3, 5, 7...)
  • Prime numbers: Only 2 factors - 1 and itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11...)
  • Composite numbers: More than 2 factors (4, 6, 8, 9...)

2. Playing with Numbers

Divisibility Rules:
By 2: Last digit 0,2,4,6,8
By 3: Sum of digits divisible by 3
By 5: Last digit 0 or 5
By 10: Last digit 0

HCF: Highest Common Factor (largest number dividing both)

LCM: Lowest Common Multiple (smallest number divisible by both)

3. Basic Geometrical Ideas

  • Point: Exact location (no size)
  • Line: Extends infinitely both directions
  • Ray: Starts at point, extends one direction
  • Line Segment: Fixed length between two points
  • Angle: Space between two rays meeting at point

4. Fractions

Types:
Proper: Numerator < Denominator (3/4)
Improper: Numerator ≥ Denominator (5/3)
Mixed: Whole number + fraction (2 1/3)
💡 Study Tip:

Practice divisibility rules daily. They save time in HCF/LCM problems. Make flashcards for prime numbers up to 100.

📈 Class 7 Mathematics

1. Integers

Rules for Operations:
(+) + (+) = + (Add)
(-) + (-) = - (Add)
(+) + (-) = Sign of larger number
(+) × (+) = +
(-) × (-) = +
(+) × (-) = -

2. Fractions and Decimals

  • Convert fraction to decimal: Divide numerator by denominator
  • Convert decimal to fraction: Count decimal places
  • Terminating decimal: Ends (0.25, 0.5)
  • Non-terminating: Never ends (0.333...)

3. Simple Equations

Solving ax + b = c:
1. Move constant to RHS: ax = c - b
2. Divide by coefficient: x = (c-b)/a

Example: 3x + 5 = 20 → 3x = 15 → x = 5

4. Comparing Quantities

Percentage: Part per hundred (%)
Fraction to %: (Fraction × 100)%
% to Fraction: %/100

Profit & Loss:
Profit = SP - CP
Loss = CP - SP
Profit% = (Profit/CP) × 100
Loss% = (Loss/CP) × 100

5. Perimeter and Area

Square: P=4a, A=a²
Rectangle: P=2(l+b), A=l×b
Triangle: P=a+b+c, A=½×b×h
Circle: P=2πr, A=πr²
⚠️ Common Mistake:

Don't confuse perimeter with area! Perimeter is boundary length (cm), Area is surface space (cm²). Units are different!

🎯 Class 8 Mathematics

1. Rational Numbers

Definition: Numbers in form p/q where q ≠ 0

  • All integers are rational (5 = 5/1)
  • All fractions are rational
  • All terminating decimals are rational
  • Between any two rationals, infinite rationals exist

2. Exponents and Powers

Laws of Exponents:
aᵐ × aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ
aᵐ ÷ aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ
(aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐⁿ
a⁰ = 1 (a ≠ 0)
a⁻ᵐ = 1/aᵐ

3. Algebraic Expressions

Identities (Must Memorize):
(a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(a-b)² = a² - 2ab + b²
a² - b² = (a+b)(a-b)
(a+b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³
(a-b)³ = a³ - 3a²b + 3ab² - b³

4. Linear Equations in One Variable

Steps to Solve:

  • Remove brackets using distributive property
  • Collect variable terms on LHS, constants on RHS
  • Simplify both sides
  • Divide by coefficient of variable
  • Verify by substituting answer in original equation

5. Mensuration

Cuboid:
Volume = l × b × h
Surface Area = 2(lb + bh + hl)

Cube:
Volume = a³
Surface Area = 6a²

Cylinder:
Volume = πr²h
Curved Surface Area = 2πrh
Total Surface Area = 2πr(r+h)
💡 Pro Tip:

Make a formula sheet for all mensuration formulas. Draw diagrams next to each formula. Visual memory helps during exams!

🎲 Important Math Topics (All Classes)

Data Handling

  • Mean: Average = Sum of observations / Number of observations
  • Median: Middle value when arranged in order
  • Mode: Most frequently occurring value
  • Range: Highest value - Lowest value

Practical Geometry

Construction Tools: Ruler, compass, protractor, set squares

  • Perpendicular bisector of line segment
  • Angle bisector
  • Constructing angles (60°, 90°, 120°)
  • Constructing triangles (SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS)

Study Strategy for Math

  • Practice 10-15 problems daily from each chapter
  • Don't just read solutions - solve yourself first
  • Memorize all formulas and identities
  • Make separate notebook for formulas
  • Revise previous chapters every week
  • Attempt all NCERT exercises completely
⚠️ Exam Tip:

Always write formula before solving. Show all steps clearly. Don't skip steps to save time - step marking gives partial marks even if final answer is wrong!

🔬 SCIENCE - Classes 6, 7, 8

Understand natural phenomena, laws of nature, and scientific principles with examples

🌱 Class 6 Science

1. Food: Where Does It Come From?

  • Plants: Source of food (fruits, vegetables, grains)
  • Animals: Source of food (milk, eggs, meat)
  • Herbivores: Eat only plants (cow, deer)
  • Carnivores: Eat only animals (lion, tiger)
  • Omnivores: Eat both (humans, bear)

2. Components of Food

Nutrients (6 types):

  • Carbohydrates: Energy source (rice, wheat)
  • Proteins: Body building (dal, eggs, meat)
  • Fats: Energy storage (butter, oil)
  • Vitamins: Fight diseases (fruits, vegetables)
  • Minerals: Bones, blood (iron, calcium)
  • Water: Essential for all body functions

3. Fibre to Fabric

Natural Fibres: Cotton (plant), Wool & Silk (animal)

Process: Fibre → Yarn → Fabric → Clothes

4. Sorting Materials into Groups

  • Transparent: Can see through (glass, water)
  • Opaque: Cannot see through (wood, metal)
  • Translucent: Partially see through (oiled paper)
  • Soluble: Dissolves in water (salt, sugar)
  • Insoluble: Does not dissolve (sand, chalk)

5. Living and Non-living

Characteristics of Living Things:

  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Respiration
  • Nutrition
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Response to stimuli
💡 Memory Trick:

Remember "MR GREEN" for living characteristics: Movement, Respiration, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Energy, Nutrition

Class 7 Science

1. Nutrition in Plants

Photosynthesis:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
(In presence of sunlight & chlorophyll)

Chlorophyll: Green pigment in leaves, traps sunlight

Stomata: Tiny pores in leaves, exchange of gases

2. Nutrition in Animals

7 Steps of Nutrition:

  • Ingestion: Taking in food
  • Digestion: Breaking down complex food
  • Absorption: Taking nutrients into blood
  • Assimilation: Using nutrients for body
  • Egestion: Removing undigested food

3. Heat and Temperature

  • Heat: Form of energy, flows from hot to cold
  • Temperature: Measure of hotness/coldness
  • Units: Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (K)
  • Conductors: Allow heat to pass (metals)
  • Insulators: Do not allow heat (wood, plastic)

4. Acids, Bases and Salts

  • Acids: Sour taste, turn blue litmus red (lemon, vinegar)
  • Bases: Bitter taste, turn red litmus blue (soap, baking soda)
  • Indicators: Show if substance is acid/base (litmus, turmeric)
  • Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water

5. Weather, Climate and Adaptations

Weather: Day-to-day atmospheric conditions

Climate: Average weather over long period

Adaptations: Features helping organisms survive in habitat

⚠️ Safety Note:

Never taste acids or bases in lab! Use litmus paper for testing. Always wear safety goggles during experiments.

🧪 Class 8 Science

1. Crop Production and Management

Agricultural Practices:

  • Preparation of soil (ploughing, levelling)
  • Sowing (selecting seeds, spacing)
  • Adding manure and fertilizers
  • Irrigation (watering crops)
  • Protection from weeds
  • Harvesting (cutting crops)
  • Storage (preventing damage)

2. Microorganisms

Types: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae

Useful: Making curd, bread, antibiotics, nitrogen fixation

Harmful: Cause diseases (cholera, typhoid, malaria)

Preservation: Salt, sugar, oil, heat, refrigeration prevent microbial growth

3. Force and Pressure

Pressure = Force / Area
Unit: Pascal (Pa) or N/m²
  • Force can change speed, direction, shape
  • Contact force: Objects must touch (friction, muscular)
  • Non-contact: No touch needed (gravity, magnetic)
  • Friction: Opposes motion, produces heat

4. Chemical Effects of Electric Current

  • Conductors: Allow current (metals, salt solution)
  • Insulators: Do not allow current (plastic, wood)
  • LED: Light Emitting Diode (safer than bulb)
  • Electroplating: Coating one metal over another using electricity

5. Pollution of Air and Water

Air Pollutants: Smoke, dust, CO₂, SO₂, NO₂

Effects: Respiratory diseases, global warming, acid rain

Water Pollutants: Sewage, chemicals, plastic, oil

Prevention: Reduce, reuse, recycle, plant trees, proper waste disposal

💡 Exam Focus:

Diagrams carry 2-3 marks in Class 8. Practice drawing: digestive system, eye, ear, cell structure, water cycle, electric circuit.

Important Science Concepts

Scientific Method

  • Observation: Notice something
  • Question: What, why, how?
  • Hypothesis: Educated guess
  • Experiment: Test the hypothesis
  • Analysis: Study results
  • Conclusion: Accept or reject hypothesis

Lab Safety Rules

  • Always wear safety goggles and apron
  • Never taste chemicals or lab materials
  • Handle glassware carefully
  • Report spills or accidents immediately
  • Wash hands after experiments
  • Follow teacher instructions strictly

Study Tips for Science

  • Read chapter from NCERT thoroughly
  • Underline important terms and definitions
  • Make notes in your own words
  • Practice all diagrams 5 times each
  • Solve all NCERT questions and exercises
  • Watch educational videos for difficult topics
  • Do all practical experiments in lab
  • Revise 2 chapters every weekend
⚠️ Common Mistakes:

Don't cram definitions! Understand concepts first. Don't skip diagrams in exam - they're easy marks. Label all diagram parts clearly.

🌏 SOCIAL SCIENCE - Classes 6, 7, 8

Learn history, geography, civics, and develop understanding of society and world

📜 History

Class 6: Ancient India

  • Stone Age: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
  • Harappan Civilization: 2500 BCE, planned cities, script undeciphered
  • Vedic Period: Rigveda oldest, 4 Vedas, caste system started
  • Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta, Ashoka (Buddhism spread)
  • Gupta Period: Golden Age, art, literature, science flourished

Class 7: Medieval India

  • Delhi Sultanate: Slave dynasty to Lodis (1206-1526)
  • Mughal Empire: Babur (founder), Akbar (greatest), Shah Jahan (Taj Mahal)
  • Regional Kingdoms: Vijayanagara, Rajputs, Marathas
  • Bhakti Movement: Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mirabai

Class 8: Modern India

  • British Rule: East India Company (1600s), 1857 Revolt
  • Freedom Struggle: Gandhi, Non-cooperation, Quit India
  • Independence: 15 August 1947
  • Important Leaders: Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, Bose, Bhagat Singh
💡 Memory Trick:

For dates: Make timeline chart. For names: Connect with one achievement. Example: Akbar = Religious tolerance, Din-i-Ilahi

🗺️ Geography

Class 6: Earth Basics

  • Globe: Model of Earth, has latitudes & longitudes
  • Latitudes: Parallel circles, Equator = 0°
  • Longitudes: Vertical lines, Prime Meridian = 0°
  • Major Domains: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere

Class 7: Environment

  • Natural: Land, water, air, plants, animals
  • Human-made: Buildings, roads, bridges
  • Resources: Renewable (water, forests) & Non-renewable (coal, oil)
  • Continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia
  • Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern

Class 8: India Geography

  • Location: Northern hemisphere, Asia continent
  • Neighbors: Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar
  • Physical Features: Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, Islands
  • Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna
  • Climate: Tropical monsoon, 4 seasons
⚠️ Map Work:

Practice maps regularly! Map questions carry 5 marks. Use pencil for pointing, label neatly. Memorize locations of major rivers, mountains, cities.

⚖️ Civics (Political Science)

Class 6: Understanding Diversity

  • Diversity: Different religions, languages, cultures in India
  • Unity in Diversity: Indians united despite differences
  • Discrimination: Treating people unfairly (wrong!)
  • Equality: All humans are equal, deserve respect

Class 7: State Government

  • MLA: Member of Legislative Assembly (elected by people)
  • Chief Minister: Head of state government
  • Governor: Appointed by President
  • Functions: Health, education, police, agriculture

Class 8: Indian Constitution

  • Adopted: 26 January 1950 (Republic Day)
  • Written by: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairperson)
  • Features: Longest written constitution, federal, secular, democratic
  • Fundamental Rights: Right to Equality, Freedom, Against Exploitation, Religion, Culture, Education
  • Fundamental Duties: Respect flag, protect environment, promote harmony
💡 Current Affairs:

Read newspaper headlines daily. Connect civics chapters with real news. Helps in exams and competitive exams later!

📚 Social Science Study Strategy

For History

  • Make timeline chart on wall (visual memory)
  • Connect events with cause and effect
  • Remember key dates (5-6 per chapter enough)
  • Read stories about kings and leaders
  • Watch historical documentaries

For Geography

  • Practice maps daily (5 minutes)
  • Use colored pencils for different features
  • Remember location tricks (example: India looks like triangle)
  • Make notes with diagrams
  • Learn spellings of place names carefully

For Civics

  • Relate chapters with daily life
  • Understand concepts, don't just memorize
  • Know important articles of constitution
  • Practice writing in points (exam style)
  • Give real-life examples in answers

Exam Preparation

  • NCERT is sufficient - read thoroughly
  • Make short notes for quick revision
  • Practice previous year question papers
  • Map work: Practice 10 minutes daily
  • Answer in points with proper headings
  • Time management: 10 mins per 3-mark question
⚠️ Common Errors:

Don't mix up dates! Don't write history answers in story format - use points. Geography spellings must be correct. Civics needs examples, not just theory.

📖 ENGLISH & HINDI - Language Skills

Develop reading, writing, grammar, and communication skills in both languages

🔤 English Language

Grammar Topics (Classes 6-8)

  • Nouns: Person, place, thing, idea (Proper, Common, Collective, Abstract)
  • Pronouns: Replace nouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
  • Verbs: Action words (run, eat, sleep) + Helping verbs (is, am, are, was, were)
  • Adjectives: Describe nouns (beautiful, tall, red)
  • Adverbs: Describe verbs (quickly, slowly, carefully)
  • Tenses: Present, Past, Future (Simple, Continuous, Perfect)

Writing Skills

Letter Writing:

  • Formal: Principal, editor, complaint (format important!)
  • Informal: Friend, family (more casual tone)

Essay Writing:

  • Introduction (what topic is about)
  • Body (main points, 2-3 paragraphs)
  • Conclusion (summary)

Story Writing:

  • Interesting beginning
  • Characters and setting
  • Problem/conflict
  • Solution
  • Moral (if applicable)
💡 Vocabulary Building:

Learn 5 new words daily. Write them in sentence. Read English storybooks. Watch English movies with subtitles. Practice speaking daily.

🔠 Hindi भाषा

व्याकरण विषय (कक्षा 6-8)

  • संज्ञा: व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु का नाम (व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक)
  • सर्वनाम: संज्ञा के स्थान पर (मैं, तुम, वह, हम, वे)
  • क्रिया: काम करने वाले शब्द (खाना, पीना, दौड़ना)
  • विशेषण: संज्ञा की विशेषता बताए (सुंदर, लंबा, लाल)
  • क्रिया विशेषण: क्रिया की विशेषता (धीरे, तेज, अच्छे से)
  • काल: भूतकाल, वर्तमानकाल, भविष्यकाल

लेखन कौशल

पत्र लेखन:

  • औपचारिक: प्रधानाचार्य, संपादक को
  • अनौपचारिक: मित्र, परिवार को

निबंध लेखन:

  • प्रस्तावना (विषय परिचय)
  • विषय विस्तार (मुख्य बिंदु)
  • उपसंहार (निष्कर्ष)

अन्य लेखन:

  • अनुच्छेद लेखन
  • संवाद लेखन
  • चित्र वर्णन
  • कहानी लेखन
💡 हिंदी सुधार:

रोज हिंदी अखबार पढ़ें। कहानी की किताबें पढ़ें। नए शब्द याद करें। सुलेख (handwriting) सुधारें। व्याकरण के नियम समझें।

🎯 STUDY TIPS & EXAM STRATEGY

Proven methods to score 90%+ in middle school exams

📅 Daily Study Routine

Morning (Before School)

  • Quick revision: 20 mins (previous day's topics)
  • Read newspaper headlines: 10 mins

After School

  • Rest & refresh: 1 hour
  • Complete homework: 1 hour
  • Self-study session 1: 1.5 hours (difficult subjects)
  • Break: 30 mins (play, snacks)
  • Self-study session 2: 1.5 hours (theory subjects)
  • Practice/revision: 30 mins

Night (Before Sleep)

  • Light reading: 20 mins (English/Hindi stories)
  • Plan next day: 5 mins
💡 Weekend Schedule:

Saturday: Revise full week's work, complete pending tasks. Sunday: Practice tests, solve extra questions, pursue hobbies. Balance is important!

✍️ Note-Making Tips

Effective Notes Should Have:

  • Chapter name and date at top
  • Headings and subheadings clearly marked
  • Important terms underlined or highlighted
  • Formulas in separate box
  • Diagrams with proper labels
  • Examples for difficult concepts
  • Your own understanding in simple words

Color Coding System:

  • Blue: Main headings
  • Black: Regular content
  • Red: Important formulas/dates
  • Green: Examples
  • Pencil: Diagrams and underlining

Types of Notes:

  • Class notes: During teacher explanation
  • Reading notes: From textbook at home
  • Formula sheets: All formulas one place
  • Revision notes: Short points for quick review
⚠️ Don't:

Copy entire textbook in notes! Write only key points. Use your own words. Notes should be shorter than textbook but cover all important points.

🎯 Exam Preparation (Last Month)

Week 1: Completion

  • Finish all chapters and topics
  • Complete all NCERT exercises
  • Make comprehensive notes
  • Identify weak areas

Week 2: Practice

  • Solve additional questions
  • Practice diagrams and maps
  • Memorize formulas completely
  • Work on weak topics extra

Week 3: Revision

  • Quick revision of all chapters
  • Solve previous year papers
  • Time yourself while solving
  • Review mistakes carefully

Week 4: Final Touch

  • Revise formula sheets daily
  • Practice important questions
  • Stay calm and confident
  • Proper sleep and healthy food
💡 Exam Day:

Reach 15 mins early. Carry all stationery. Read question paper fully first. Start with easy questions. Manage time properly. Check answers before submitting.

🏆 Scoring Techniques

Mathematics:

  • Write formula before solving
  • Show all steps clearly
  • Verify answer by substituting back
  • Practice 10 problems daily
  • Neat presentation = extra marks

Science:

  • Learn definitions word-to-word
  • Practice diagrams 5 times each
  • Label all diagram parts
  • Use scientific terms (not common words)
  • Write in points for easy reading

Social Science:

  • Answer in points with headings
  • Remember 5-6 important dates per chapter
  • Map work: Practice daily
  • Give examples in answers
  • Handwriting should be neat

Languages (English/Hindi):

  • Grammar: Learn all rules
  • Writing: Follow proper format
  • Use good vocabulary
  • Check spelling and grammar
  • Read question twice before answering
⚠️ Avoid These:

Overwriting, cutting words, dirty paper, incomplete answers, leaving questions, wrong question numbers, not managing time properly.

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